The Closing Descent, by Michael Thompson

Title: The Closing Descent – The Untold Story of the First Rider to Die within the Tour de France
Creator: Michael Thompson
Writer: Thompson
12 months: 2023
Pages: 213
Order: Thompson
What it’s: A biography of Francisco ‘Paco’ Cepeda, who died whereas collaborating within the 1935 Tour de France
Strengths: Thompson’s dogged analysis has scraped away the layer of fantasy and lies which have turn out to be connected to Cepeda’s story, permitting him to get to the reality beneath and provide a becoming tribute to the primary rider to die through the Tour as a consequence of a racing accident
Weaknesses: As with a variety of biking books, a couple of extra photos can be appreciated

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Rising within the north of the Massif des Écrins and fed by the meltwater of the Plate des Agneux glacier, the Romanche river flows down via the valley that bears its title, passing Bourg-d’Oisans and Vizille earlier than emptying into the Drac close to Grenoble, after simply 78 kilometres. Within the early a part of the 20th century the river fed native industries, its water producing electrical energy which powered paper mills and metal works within the villages alongside its size.

Rioupéroux is one such village, about midway between Bourg-d’Oisans and Vizille. Little distinguishes it from different villages within the Romanche valley. However in 1935, towards the tip of the seventh stage of the twenty-ninth Tour de France, Rioupéroux’s title was written into the historical past books. It was there, on Thursday July eleventh, on an innocuous stretch of street on the outskirts of the village, that the Spanish rider Francisco ‘Paco’ Cepeda fell and fractured his cranium. His unconscious physique was rushed to a hospital in Grenoble the place, three days later, he succumbed to his accidents and died. He was the Tour’s first racing fatality, and solely the second rider to die through the race, after Adolphe Hélière’s rest-day demise in 1910 whereas swimming.

Besides … the historical past books don’t bear in mind Rioupéroux. Cepeda’s fall, they nearly all let you know, occurred on the descent off the Galibier. Most preserve it that straightforward, he fell descending Henri Desgrange’s favorite mountain. A number of the extra creative add garish color by having Cepeda plunge off the street right into a ravine.

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Even Rioupéroux itself doesn’t bear in mind its position within the Spaniard’s demise: not even a plaque recollects the occasions of that fateful day. Tom Simpson has his altar on the slopes of the Ventoux, Fabio Casartelli his shrine on the Portet d’Aspet, however Cepeda – like Hélière – is with out memorial on the Tour’s route.

Have we turn out to be extra mawkish lately in the way in which that we have fun the deaths of riders, or is there one thing about Cepeda’s demise that makes it troublesome for the Tour and its mythographers to mark correctly?

Michael Thompson’s The Closing Descent – The Untold Story of the First Rider to Die within the Tour de France doesn’t deal with the primary a part of that query (the reply, in case you might be in any doubt, is sure, we’ve turn out to be extra mawkish) however it does go deep into why the second half will also be answered within the affirmative.

Cepeda’s demise wasn’t merely a racing accident. It was a logo of the informal cruelty with which the Tour handled riders because the race grew to become increasingly commercialised. Within the decade since Albert Londres had not referred to the riders of the 1924 Tour as forçats de la route a lot had modified, for the higher. The Tour was exiting the Heroic Age of the vagabonds of the street and gearing up for the Golden Age of stars like Coppi, Koblet, and Bobet. However on the identical time lots of the criticisms levelled on the Tour in 1924 had been nonetheless legitimate within the ‘30s. You wouldn’t deal with a mule the way in which the Tour handled its riders in these years.

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Francisco Cepeda just isn’t in contrast to Théo Beeckman, the ostensible topic of Ned Boulting’s current e book about the 1923 Tour. Like Beeckman’s, his title seems in all of the blow-by-blow Tour histories however – once more like Beeckman – he doesn’t actually characteristic anyplace. Within the large image of the Tour, he was one other who was by no means actually all that essential. Which is true of 99% of those that have contributed to the Tour’s historical past. (And the ghost of Homer whispered…)

Not like Boulting’s plague diary, which in the end had little to say about Beeckman and favoured as an alternative the writer’s manic, Covid-fed obsessions, Michael Thompson’s The Closing Descent has so much to inform us about Cepeda and his rise via the ranks of the game, in addition to portray a useful portrait of the Tour within the Nineteen Thirties.

Thompson’s curiosity in Cepeda was first piqued after he and his spouse purchased a small residence close to Valloire, the ski resort sandwiched between the Col du Télégraphe and the Col du Galibier. Realizing just a little Tour historical past Thompson knew – or thought he knew – that Cepeda had died descending the Galibier and so, in 2014, he set about discovering out the place.

He additionally set about discovering out extra concerning the man himself, in 2015 visiting the Basque village of Sopuerta the place Cepeda was born in 1906. He devoured books concerning the Tour and, in addition to the French journals accessible on Gallica, he trawled Spanish archives, from ABC to Excelsius, La Gaceta del Norte to El Mundo Deportivo.

In 2017 Thompson’s analysis led him to Cepeda’s grand nephew, Alvaro Rey Cepeda, who was additionally looking for solutions to questions on Cepeda. This led to a treasure trove of analysis materials: “The household had stored just about each Spanish press slicing the place Cepeda’s title was talked about,” Thompson advised me not too long ago, “and each journal article proper as much as the current day, so I had a wealth of fabric from Spain.”

Taken with the outcomes of his personal analysis, Thompson started to really feel he had sufficient data accessible to him to inform Cepeda’s story. His first victories in 1925. His rise via the ranks of Basque biking after which the broader realm of Spanish biking. His debut on the worldwide stage when, as a member of the Spanish group within the 1930 Tour, he was to the fore when the race crossed the Galibier. The frustration of the 1931 Tour. His slide into semi-retirement. His return to racing when he was invited to journey the primary Vuelta a España in 1935. His return to the Tour later that very same yr and his demise ten days into that race.

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Buried inside all the data accessible to him, Thompson rapidly realised, was a variety of misinformation. “I got here throughout a number of inaccuracies once I was writing the story,” Thompson advised me. “One was from the Tour de France: Official a centesimal Race Anniversary Version and was fairly dangerous. Beneath the chapter 1935 it exhibits an image of Cepeda main Vicente Trueba up the Galibier with a caption saying, ‘Quickly after this picture was taken, Cepeda suffered a deadly crash’. The image is from Cepeda’s debut Tour, in 1930, once they climbed the Galibier from the southern aspect. In 1935, they climbed it from Valloire on the opposite aspect. This e book was by the famend Tour historian, Serge Laget. Are you able to describe 5 years as being quickly?”

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The errors lengthen past badly captioned photographs, as Thompson defined to me: “In a number of the historical past books I’ve learn the household is described as bourgeois and rich. They are saying Cepeda didn’t have to journey for the cash. That’s not true both. He definitely didn’t go into biking for the cash however when he did begin to earn cash it definitely helped the household. All of them labored onerous. With the cash he earned from biking Cepeda rented a automotive for the household however then labored as a taxi driver to assist pay for the working of it. The household ran a really small common retailer from their home within the village however there have been many mouths to feed.”

The concept Cepeda was bourgeois, that comes from the pages of L’Auto, the place the playwright Robert Dieudonné, eulogising Cepeda, described him in these phrases:

“Poor little Cepeda! He was not, like Trueba, just a little peasant who hoped to make his fortune on the roads of France. He was the son of a bourgeois household: his father is on the head of a enterprise the place his son was employed. I can see the daddy shrugging his shoulders when the son left to compete but once more within the Tour de France: ‘As when you wanted it!’”

Whether or not it was his intent or not, in inserting Cepeda as a member of the bourgeoisie, Dieudonné was suggesting that Cepeda was not a correct, skilled bike owner, only a dilettante. Whether or not it was his intent or not, Dieudonné was saying Cepeda was complicit in his personal demise, a devoted skilled wouldn’t have fallen the way in which Cepeda did.

Few at the moment blame Cepeda for what occurred to him, it usually being agreed at the moment that Cepeda’s accident was brought on by the Duralumin – a light-weight aluminium-copper alloy – rims Tour bikes got here geared up with in 1935, changing the picket rims favoured as much as then. All through the early a part of the 1935 Tour, some journalists had been blaming the metallic rims for what they felt was an extreme variety of punctures and crashes, the argument being that metallic rims carried out warmth badly and this induced the glue binding the tyres to them to soften and the tubulars to then roll off.

“I’ve had the expertise of a tubular rolling off the rear rim in a street race again within the late 70s,” Thompson advised me. “I’d punctured warming up and didn’t have a spare wheel so I put a brand new tub on for the race. A lot of the adhesive comes off with the punctured tyre once you rip it off and the brand new tyre is simply caught on with what’s left on the rim. Forty miles into the race on a nook it rolled off. It was the again wheel so I fortunately simply went right into a slide and received the standard street rash.

“In 1935 they had been puncturing a number of occasions so I’m undecided how a lot adhesive can be left on the edges or how good the adhesive was within the first place. I’ve additionally ridden from the Galibier all the way in which to Grenoble and there’s a lot of braking and the route they took down the south aspect was so much steeper than the current route.

“The part of street the place Cepeda crashed isn’t that steep and the bend is extra of a gradual curve so I feel it’s unlikely that the autumn could be put solely all the way down to an unlucky error of judgement by the rider however the absolute reality won’t ever be identified.”

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Thompson doesn’t go into the story of the Duralumin rims in any nice element. “Within the e book I write about what I do know to be true and avoid something which I’ve doubts about or don’t have any proof for,” he defined to me, and in the case of the Duralumin rims, a lot is unknown. That stated, I personally would have most well-liked a bit extra on this facet of the story. Incidents like Annemiek van Vleuten’s crash within the 2022 World Championships or Thomas de Gendt’s within the 2024 UAE Tour have demonstrated we could be fairly crap at correctly figuring out the reason for some crashes. We shouldn’t simply settle for unquestioningly the claims made concerning the position of the Duralumin rims in Cepeda’s fall.

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The reason for Cepeda’s fall is essential, however it isn’t the actual subject right here. The actual subject right here is how Desgrange and L’Auto responded to Cepeda’s demise. And that is a matter Thompson does go into element on.

The brief model of how Desgrange and L’Auto responded to Cepeda’s demise is that they responded badly. Cepeda’s fall on the Aix-les-Bains — Grenoble stage went unreported in L’Auto and when information of his demise got here via three days later the race had moved on to Good, paradoxically the place Hélière had died 25 years earlier. As they did then, and as they’ve performed since, the riders paused a second in silence to recollect their fallen comrade. After which received on with issues.

However they weren’t all getting on with issues on Duralumin rims. A report in Le Miroir des Sports activities claimed that even earlier than Cepeda’s accident Desgrange had accepted there was a difficulty with the edges and referred to as in substitute wheels, with tried-and-tested picket rims. “The truth that Desgrange switched the Duralumin rims for picket rims,” Thompson advised me, “demonstrated that he had doubts about them. However he stopped wanting a full and correct investigation, which I feel amounted to negligence. You wouldn’t get away with that now.”

Inside the pages of L’Auto, little was written about Cepeda past Dieudonné’s saccharine eulogy. Communist and socialist newspapers took up Cepeda’s trigger and criticised Desgrange and the Tour, however in contrast to in 1924 when L’Auto had addressed criticisms of the race being made by Albert Londres and Henri Pélissier, this time around the critics had been met with silence.

“It appeared that Henri Desgrange went out of his approach to not acknowledge Paco’s demise,” Thompson writes in The Closing Descent. “He was presumably determined to keep away from any unfavourable protection of his race, in addition to accusations of blame. […] Primitivo, Paco’s youthful brother, was indignant concerning the absence of any monetary compensation from the Tour and the truth that Desgrange didn’t attend the funeral or provide his private condolences. He confirmed that the household had written to the Tour asking for the insurance coverage protection however, in return, had solely obtained a replica of a clause, by which the organisers said they weren’t answerable for any accidents obtained by the riders, and, moreover, wouldn’t even be answerable for any damages induced to 3rd events.”

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Having washed their palms of the issue in 1935, the Tour has continued to have a problematic relationship with Cepeda. Writing in his 1991 memoir L’Équipe Belle Jacques Goddet – Desgrange’s successor, who was on the 1935 Tour – didn’t even point out Cepeda’s demise when he wrote concerning the 1935 race, preferring as an alternative to recount an anecdote about Georges Speicher practically getting arrested. Within the Tour’s official historical past, even the suggestion that the Duralumin rims might need performed a task in Cepeda’s demise is ignored, Laget and his colleagues as an alternative claiming that “Cepeda suffered a deadly fall on the descent of the Galibier resulting from brake failure.”

Cepeda deserves higher than this. His is a crucial story, one as related now because it was then for the way in which it exhibits how little we query the risks in our sport and the way used we’re to simply sweeping accidents away and getting on with it. The followers. The media. The authorities. It doesn’t need to be like that.

However The Closing Descent is about extra than simply that. It’s also a few man, an actual individual, a man who shone brightly briefly however whose life and whose demise have largely been ignored, turn out to be shrouded in lies and half-truths. Cepeda could also be with out memorial on the street the place he fell however Thompson right here has given him a becoming tribute, one price your time studying.

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